პირველი მსოფლიო ომის ქართული ფრონტი

1914 wlis 28 ivniss, iatakqveSa teroristuli organizaciis “mlada bosnas” – “axalgazda bosniis” – s wevris gavrila principis serbeTis gasaerTianeblad nasrolma orma tyviam evropis myife mSvidoba imsxverpla.

franc – iosebis quCaze Tvdasxmisdan erTi Tvis Semdeg pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo - pirveli totaluri omi kacobriobis istoriaSi.

omSi imJamad arsebuli 59 saxelmwifodan 38 Caeba, brZolis velze 10 milioni jariskaci daeca, 20 milioni daiWra, 3, 5 milioni ki xeibari darCa.  

bevri sisxli, bevri cremlebi magram didi Sansi dapyrobili erebisTvis – pirvelma msoflio omms oTxi imperia Seewira: germaniis, avstria – ungreTis, osmaleTisa da ruseTis.

“sofel axalqalaqis agarakze momiswro sasixarulo ambavma: “germaniam gamoucxada omi ruseTs”. aRelvebuli gamoveqane Tbiliss da pirveli qarTveli, vinc Semxvda “golovinis prospeqtze”, brZandeboda samson fircxalava. TiTqo aRdgoma yofiliyos, me daviviwye Cveni ori wlis umZraxaoba da aRtacebiT mivmarTe: “aba samson, ganTiadis dReebi gvidgeba da unda davfacurdeT, organizaciebi avawyoT, davirazmneT momavlisTvis”. samsonma civi wyali gadamasxa: “Cven ra SegviZlia? Tu rame mova TavisiT, Cven ra unda gavakeToT?” piradi wyroma ara hqonda gamonelebuli, Tu ver miuxvda momaval perspeqtivebs, - Sublic ar gaixsna da aSurel lamaz kerpiviT civad Semomxeda (wveric ise hqonda daxuWuWebuli). me arc ki gamovemSvidobe ise wamovedi.

am dRidan, rom ityvian, muxli ar Camikecnia da bevr Cems amxangsac. gonebiT vis SegveZlo konkretulad warmogvedgina, ra moxdeboda, magram alRoTi vgrZnobdiT, didi cvlilebebi unda mohyoloda saqarTvelosTvis, ruseTis damarcxebas. raSic eWvi aravis Segvdioda... survilisamebr... da, riTac SegveZlo, unda xeli Segvewyo da Cvens wisqvilze unda mogvegdo, yvela aqedan gamomdinare nakadi. asec viqceodiT da TiTqmis axdilad, jer kidev Jurnal “klde” – Si, germaniazed gvqonda aRebuli gezi”.

ase igonebs revaz gabaSvili Tavis ganwyobilebas ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg. vkiTxulob mis mogonebebs da mafiqrebs es - “sofel axalqalaqi agarakze momiswro sasixarulo ambavma...” warmogidgeniaT ra xdeba evropaSi 1914 wlis 28 ivnisidan 28 ivlisis CaTvliT? am dros ki erT – erTi aqtiuri qarTveli politikuri da sazogado moRvawe agarakze wasasvlelad dros poulobs?...

samSoblos gaTavisuflebis perspeqtiva pirvel msoflio omSi ruseTis damarcxebis Sedegad bevrs ar daunaxavs. omic romlis damTavrebasac mokle droSi elodnen, gaiwela - mowinaaRmdegeebi fiqrobdnen, rom oms Zalian swrafad pirvel foTolcvenamde daasrulebdnen, magram pirvel warmatebul Setevebs warumateblobebi mohyva. meomari qveynebis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma gadamwyveti upiratesobis mopoveba verc erT frontze SesZles da armiebi poziciur brZolebSi Caeflnen.

dapirispirebis wina xazze dazvervis samsaxurebi gamovidnen. sadazvevro samsaxurebis brZolis velad mowinaaRmdegeTa Rrma zurgi iqca.

 

meore fronti

kavkasia germaniis, avstria-ungreTis, osmaleTis, ruseTis, antantis wevri saxelmwifoebis dazvervaTa urTierTWidilis erT-erT umTavres arealad gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT germania, avstria da imxanad jer kidev osmaleTis imperiad wodebuli TurqeTi aqtiurobdnen.

kaizeruli germaniisaTvis caristuli ruseTisagan amierkavkasiis regionis Camocilebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. am mimarTulebiT kaizeruli germaniis sadazvervo samsaxurebma omis dawyebamde didi xniT adre daiwyes ramdenime mimarTulebiT muSaoba:

samxedro sferoSi TbilisSi germaniis sakonsuloSi moqmedi rezidenturis mTavar misias ruseTis kavkasiis armiis raodenobis cvlilebebze, misi SenaerTebis dislokaciaze, maT SeiaraRebasa da brZolisunarianobaze, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis muSaobasa da mis gamtarunarianobaze, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis mTavari portebis saqmianobaze mudmivi meTvalyureoba Seadgenda.

politikis sferoSi germanul da avstriul agenturas maxlobel da centralur aRmosavleTSi ruseTis imperiis gegmebis amsaxveli monacemebi (pirvelyovlisa, - TurqeTTan da iranTan mimarTebiT), somxebis sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli viTarebis amsaxveli cnobebi, amierkavkasiis xalxTa (gansakuTrebiT aristokratiis, erovnulad ganwyobili masebisa da burJuaziis) ruseTisa da rusebisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb monacemebi permanentulad unda moepovebina.

ekonomikis sferoSi kaizeruli germaniis rezidenturis umTavres misias navTobis mrewvelobaSi, spilenZisa da manganumis mopovebaSi germanuli kapitalis mTavar konkurentTa finansuri mdgomareobis permanentulad Seswavla Seadgenda. amasTan, mis mizans wiaRiseulis axali sabadoebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb cnobebis mopoveba da maT warmoebaSi germanuli kapitalis Cadebis SesaZleblobebis Seswavla warmoadgenda.

ra Tqma unda, germanias, iseve rogorc kavkasiiT da saqarTveloTi dainteresebul nebismier sxva saxelmwifos, regionsa da saqarTveloSi, mniSvnelovanwilad, sakuTari interesebi amoZravebda. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli datvirTva hqonda saqarTvelos uaRresad xelsayrel strategiul mdebareobas, satranzito gzis kontrolis SesaZleblobas, monawileobas qveynis wiaRiseulis mopovebaSi, saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani sazRvao portebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

cnobili frangi moRvawe reimon diuge werda: imxanad WiaTuraSi iyo manganumis (marganecis) “msoflioSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sabado. normalur pirobebsa da droSi saqarTvelos SeuZlia ucxoeTSi gaitanos marganecis msoflio produqciis naxevarze meti”. garda amisa, saqarTvelo imxanad mdidari iyo spilenZis sabadoebiT (SamluRi, belaqani, alaverdi) da umaRlesi xarisxis qvanaxSiriT (tyibulis da tyvarCelis sabadoebi). sayuradReboa isic, rom saqarTveloze gadis umniSvnelovanesi satranzito gza, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs dasavleTs da axlo aRmosavleTs”.

kaizeruli germanuli sadazvervo qselis Camoyalibeba jer kidev 1911 wlidan daiwyo – am wels Tbilisis  rezidenturas saTaveSi gamocdili diplomati, generaluri konsuli, grafi fridrix fon der Sulenburgi Caudga. damoukidebeli qarTuli respublikis erT – erTma arqiteqtorma drois Zalze mcire  monakveTSi caristuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli  Zlieri da farTo agenturuli qselis Seqmna SeZlo.  

Sulenburgis da misi agenturuli qselis wyalobiT kaizeruli germaniis sagareo uwyeba da sadazvervo samsaxuri kavkasiaSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb uaRresad sarwmuno cnobebs  mudmivad flobdnen. am sferoSi warmatebuli moRvaweobisaTvis jer kidev 1914 wels Sulenburgi piradad kaizeris mier dajildovebul iqna pirveli xarisxis rkinis jvriT, romliTac gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis jildovdebodnen.

kaizerul germaniasTan erTad amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod,  _ saqarTveloSi, aqtiurad muSaobda avstria-ungreTis agentura, romelsac umTavresad, germaniis rezidenturis identuri miznebi amoZravebda.

ra Tqma unda, Tavisi interesebi hqonda TurqeTsac. osmalTa rezidentura, romelic mWidrod TanamSromlobda germanul dazvervasTan, miznad isaxavda amierkavkasiis muslimanebs Soris proTurquli ganwyobilebis gaRvivebas. savsebiT naTelia am saqmianobis saboloo mizani: kavkasiis muslimebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis TurqeTis proteqtoratisadmi damorCileba.

rac Seexeba  ruseTs, mis umTavres mizans, bunebrivia, warmoadgenda kavkasiaze batonobis SenarCuneba. am mimarTulebiT mis mTavar samiznes warmoadgendnen kavkasiis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos, erovnulad ganwyobili aristokratia, samRvdeloeba da erovnuli politikuri Zalebi. meore mxriv, rusuli “oxrankis” did Tavis tkivils warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiaSi da maT Soris amierkavkasiaSi fexmokidebuli socialisturi moZraoba, romelic e.w. “klasobrivi brZolis” droSiT upirispirdeboda caristul reJims.

gagrZeleba iqneba 

p.s. didi madloba, istorikoss, baton levan uruSaZes , romelmac aq aRwerili faqtebis Sesaxeb masalebi momawoda.